Kubernetes Install with External Load Balancer (TCP/Layer 4)

Important: RKE add-on install is only supported up to Rancher v2.0.8

Please use the Rancher helm chart to install Rancher on a Kubernetes cluster. For details, see the Kubernetes Install.

If you are currently using the RKE add-on install method, see Migrating from a Kubernetes Install with an RKE Add-on for details on how to move to using the helm chart.

This procedure walks you through setting up a 3-node cluster using the Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE). The cluster’s sole purpose is running pods for Rancher. The setup is based on:

• Layer 4 load balancer (TCP)
• NGINX ingress controller with SSL termination (HTTPS)

In an HA setup that uses a layer 4 load balancer, the load balancer accepts Rancher client connections over the TCP/UDP protocols (i.e., the transport level). The load balancer then forwards these connections to individual cluster nodes without reading the request itself. Because the load balancer cannot read the packets it’s forwarding, the routing decisions it can make are limited.

^{Rancher installed on a Kubernetes cluster with layer 4 load balancer, depicting SSL termination at ingress controllers}

Installation Outline

Installation of Rancher in a high-availability configuration involves multiple procedures. Review this outline to learn about each procedure you need to complete.

• 1. Provision Linux Hosts
• 2. Configure Load Balancer
• 3. Configure DNS
• 4. Install RKE
• 5. Download RKE Config File Template
• 6. Configure Nodes
• 7. Configure Certificates
• 8. Configure FQDN
• 9. Configure Rancher version
• 10. Back Up Your RKE Config File
• 11. Run RKE
• 12. Back Up Auto-Generated Config File

1. Provision Linux Hosts

Provision three Linux hosts according to our Requirements.

2. Configure Load Balancer

We will be using NGINX as our Layer 4 Load Balancer (TCP). NGINX will forward all connections to one of your Rancher nodes. If you want to use Amazon NLB, you can skip this step and use Amazon NLB configuration

Note: In this configuration, the load balancer is positioned in front of your Linux hosts. The load balancer can be any host that you have available that’s capable of running NGINX.

One caveat: do not use one of your Rancher nodes as the load balancer.

A. Install NGINX

Start by installing NGINX on your load balancer host. NGINX has packages available for all known operating systems. For help installing NGINX, refer to their install documentation.

The stream module is required, which is present when using the official NGINX packages. Please refer to your OS documentation how to install and enable the NGINX stream module on your operating system.

B. Create NGINX Configuration

After installing NGINX, you need to update the NGINX config file, nginx.conf, with the IP addresses for your nodes.

1. Copy and paste the code sample below into your favorite text editor. Save it as nginx.conf.

2. From nginx.conf, replace IP_NODE_1, IP_NODE_2, and IP_NODE_3 with the IPs of your Linux hosts.

   Note: This Nginx configuration is only an example and may not suit your environment. For complete documentation, see NGINX Load Balancing - TCP and UDP Load Balancer.

   Example NGINX config:

   worker_processes 4;
   worker_rlimit_nofile 40000;
   
   events {
       worker_connections 8192;
   }
   
   http {
       server {
           listen         80;
           return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
       }
   }
   
   stream {
       upstream rancher_servers {
           least_conn;
           server IP_NODE_1:443 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
           server IP_NODE_2:443 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
           server IP_NODE_3:443 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
       }
       server {
           listen     443;
           proxy_pass rancher_servers;
       }
   }
   

3. Save nginx.conf to your load balancer at the following path: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.

4. Load the updates to your NGINX configuration by running the following command:

   # nginx -s reload
   

Option - Run NGINX as Docker container

Instead of installing NGINX as a package on the operating system, you can rather run it as a Docker container. Save the edited Example NGINX config as /etc/nginx.conf and run the following command to launch the NGINX container:

docker run -d --restart=unless-stopped \
  -p 80:80 -p 443:443 \
  -v /etc/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
  nginx:1.14

3. Configure DNS

Choose a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that you want to use to access Rancher (e.g., rancher.yourdomain.com).

1. Log into your DNS server a create a DNS A record that points to the IP address of your load balancer.

2. Validate that the DNS A is working correctly. Run the following command from any terminal, replacing HOSTNAME.DOMAIN.COM with your chosen FQDN:

   nslookup HOSTNAME.DOMAIN.COM

   Step Result: Terminal displays output similar to the following:

   $ nslookup rancher.yourdomain.com
   Server:         YOUR_HOSTNAME_IP_ADDRESS
   Address:        YOUR_HOSTNAME_IP_ADDRESS#53
   
   Non-authoritative answer:
   Name:   rancher.yourdomain.com
   Address: HOSTNAME.DOMAIN.COM
   

4. Install RKE

RKE (Rancher Kubernetes Engine) is a fast, versatile Kubernetes installer that you can use to install Kubernetes on your Linux hosts. We will use RKE to setup our cluster and run Rancher.

1. Follow the RKE Install instructions.

2. Confirm that RKE is now executable by running the following command:

   rke --version
   

5. Download RKE Config File Template

RKE uses a .yml config file to install and configure your Kubernetes cluster. There are 2 templates to choose from, depending on the SSL certificate you want to use.

1. Download one of following templates, depending on the SSL certificate you’re using.

   • Template for self-signed certificate
     
   • Template for certificate signed by recognized CA
     

2. Rename the file to rancher-cluster.yml.

6. Configure Nodes

Once you have the rancher-cluster.yml config file template, edit the nodes section to point toward your Linux hosts.

1. Open rancher-cluster.yml in your favorite text editor.

2. Update the nodes section with the information of your Linux hosts.

   For each node in your cluster, update the following placeholders: IP_ADDRESS_X and USER. The specified user should be able to access the Docket socket, you can test this by logging in with the specified user and run docker ps.

   Note: When using RHEL/CentOS, the SSH user can’t be root due to https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1527565. See Operating System Requirements >for RHEL/CentOS specific requirements.

   nodes:
       # The IP address or hostname of the node
   - address: IP_ADDRESS_1
       # User that can login to the node and has access to the Docker socket (i.e. can execute `docker ps` on the node)
       # When using RHEL/CentOS, this can't be root due to https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1527565
       user: USER
       role: [controlplane,etcd,worker]
       # Path the SSH key that can be used to access to node with the specified user
       ssh_key_path: ~/.ssh/id_rsa
   - address: IP_ADDRESS_2
       user: USER
       role: [controlplane,etcd,worker]
       ssh_key_path: ~/.ssh/id_rsa
   - address: IP_ADDRESS_3
       user: USER
       role: [controlplane,etcd,worker]
       ssh_key_path: ~/.ssh/id_rsa
   

3. Optional: By default, rancher-cluster.yml is configured to take backup snapshots of your data. To disable these snapshots, change the backup directive setting to false, as depicted below.

   services:
     etcd:
       backup: false
   

7. Configure Certificates

For security purposes, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is required when using Rancher. SSL secures all Rancher network communication, like when you login or interact with a cluster.

Choose from the following options:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: cattle-keys-ingress
  namespace: cattle-system
type: Opaque
data:
  tls.crt: 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
  tls.key: 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

8. Configure FQDN

There are two references to <FQDN> in the config file (one in this step and one in the next). Both need to be replaced with the FQDN chosen in Configure DNS.

In the kind: Ingress with name: cattle-ingress-http:

• Replace <FQDN> with the FQDN chosen in Configure DNS.

After replacing <FQDN> with the FQDN chosen in Configure DNS, the file should look like the example below (rancher.yourdomain.com is the FQDN used in this example):

 ---
  apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
  kind: Ingress
  metadata:
    namespace: cattle-system
    name: cattle-ingress-http
    annotations:
      nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-connect-timeout: "30"
      nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-read-timeout: "1800"   # Max time in seconds for ws to remain shell window open
      nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/proxy-send-timeout: "1800"   # Max time in seconds for ws to remain shell window open
  spec:
    rules:
    - host: rancher.yourdomain.com
      http:
        paths:
        - backend:
            serviceName: cattle-service
            servicePort: 80
    tls:
    - secretName: cattle-keys-ingress
      hosts:
      - rancher.yourdomain.com

Save the .yml file and close it.

9. Configure Rancher version

The last reference that needs to be replaced is <RANCHER_VERSION>. This needs to be replaced with a Rancher version which is marked as stable. The latest stable release of Rancher can be found in the GitHub README. Make sure the version is an actual version number, and not a named tag like stable or latest. The example below shows the version configured to v2.0.6.

      spec:
        serviceAccountName: cattle-admin
        containers:
        - image: rancher/rancher:v2.0.6
          imagePullPolicy: Always

10. Back Up Your RKE Config File

After you close your .yml file, back it up to a secure location. You can use this file again when it’s time to upgrade Rancher.

11. Run RKE

With all configuration in place, use RKE to launch Rancher. You can complete this action by running the rke up command and using the --config parameter to point toward your config file.

1. From your workstation, make sure rancher-cluster.yml and the downloaded rke binary are in the same directory.

2. Open a Terminal instance. Change to the directory that contains your config file and rke.

3. Enter one of the rke up commands listen below.

rke up --config rancher-cluster.yml

Step Result: The output should be similar to the snippet below:

INFO[0000] Building Kubernetes cluster
INFO[0000] [dialer] Setup tunnel for host [1.1.1.1]
INFO[0000] [network] Deploying port listener containers
INFO[0000] [network] Pulling image [alpine:latest] on host [1.1.1.1]
...
INFO[0101] Finished building Kubernetes cluster successfully

12. Back Up Auto-Generated Config File

During installation, RKE automatically generates a config file named kube_config_rancher-cluster.yml in the same directory as the RKE binary. Copy this file and back it up to a safe location. You’ll use this file later when upgrading Rancher Server.

What’s Next?

You have a couple of options:

• Create a backup of your Rancher Server in case of a disaster scenario: High Availability Back Up and Restore.
• Create a Kubernetes cluster: Provisioning Kubernetes Clusters.

FAQ and Troubleshooting

How Do I Know if My Certificates are in PEM Format?

You can recognize the PEM format by the following traits:

• The file begins with the following header:
  -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
• The header is followed by a long string of characters. Like, really long.
• The file ends with a footer:
  -----END CERTIFICATE-----

PEM Certificate Example:

----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGVDCCBDygAwIBAgIJAMiIrEm29kRLMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMHkxCzAJBgNV
... more lines
VWQqljhfacYPgp8KJUJENQ9h5hZ2nSCrI+W00Jcw4QcEdCI8HL5wmg==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

How Can I Encode My PEM Files in base64?

To encode your certificates in base64:

1. Change directory to where the PEM file resides.
2. Run one of the following commands. Replace FILENAME with the name of your certificate.

   # MacOS
   cat FILENAME | base64
   # Linux
   cat FILENAME | base64 -w0
   # Windows
   certutil -encode FILENAME FILENAME.base64
   

How Can I Verify My Generated base64 String For The Certificates?

To decode your certificates in base64:

1. Copy the generated base64 string.
2. Run one of the following commands. Replace YOUR_BASE64_STRING with the previously copied base64 string.

   # MacOS
   echo YOUR_BASE64_STRING | base64 -D
   # Linux
   echo YOUR_BASE64_STRING | base64 -d
   # Windows
   certutil -decode FILENAME.base64 FILENAME.verify
   

What is the Order of Certificates if I Want to Add My Intermediate(s)?

The order of adding certificates is as follows:

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
%YOUR_CERTIFICATE%
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
%YOUR_INTERMEDIATE_CERTIFICATE%
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

How Do I Validate My Certificate Chain?

You can validate the certificate chain by using the openssl binary. If the output of the command (see the command example below) ends with Verify return code: 0 (ok), your certificate chain is valid. The ca.pem file must be the same as you added to the rancher/rancher container. When using a certificate signed by a recognized Certificate Authority, you can omit the -CAfile parameter.

Command:

openssl s_client -CAfile ca.pem -connect rancher.yourdomain.com:443 -servername rancher.yourdomain.com
...
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)